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Nandakishore Mridula
As an Indian, I grew up with a spiritual theatre tradition which was non-realistic and stylised, played on a bare arena stage (Kathakali, Koothu, Koodiyattam are some examples of our traditional stage) and at the same time, a secular theatre which was very realistic and played on a proscenium stage: so I never linked the two together as different species of the same animal. It was only when avant- garde and expressionistic theatre developed popularity in the early eighties that I realised drama As an Indian, I grew up with a spiritual theatre tradition which was non-realistic and stylised, played on a bare arena stage (Kathakali, Koothu, Koodiyattam are some examples of our traditional stage) and at the same time, a secular theatre which was very realistic and played on a proscenium stage: so I never linked the two together as different species of the same animal. It was only when avant- garde and expressionistic theatre developed popularity in the early eighties that I realised drama could be much much more than the "social-interest" plays I had seen till then.

Ever since I read The Emperor Jones, I have been entranced by O'Neill's grip of the medium - how he could take the play beyond the narrow confines of the traditional stage. He does this by stressing the non-realism of the medium. The limitations of the traditional stage thus becomes its strengths. This play is no different.

The thread of the narrative is very thin. Yank, a moronic and ape-like seaman who is a chieftain of sorts below deck among his fellow wage-slaves, has a moment of truth when the philanthropist daughter of the steel magnate who owns the ship he works in, calls him a "Hairy Ape". This is not done in insult, however - the girl, a shallow socialite, is just overwhelmed by the hell-like atmosphere in the engine room where the men are stoking coal: and Yank's huge voice, foul language and aggressive behaviour doesn't help. However, it makes him fixated on the girl in a love-hate relationship and he proceeds on a mission to destroy her world. What follows is a descent into bestiality in the depths of the soul - thought not in the way one imagines it would be.

The play, done in relatively short scenes, shifts in time and space drastically. At all times, the playwright makes it clear that the settings should not be realistic. The play alternates between dark and light, above and below, inside and outside: showing Yank's struggled to grow from the "Ape" he is afraid that he may be (he sits like Rodin's thinker at each milestone of his degradation). The hell-like atmosphere of the ship bowels and the jail is so well-etched that I could actually build the scene in my mind. The chorus of the background players is masterfully planned - first the shouts of the sailors, then the curses of the jailbirds and finally, the chattering of the monkeys. And the end is typical O'Neill, where all pretense to reality is abandoned and we may be pardoned for imagining a fantasy conclusion.

Though not as impressive as The Emperor Jones, this play is nevertheless very powerful and would have a huge impact on the audience if properly staged.

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Jessica López-Barkl
I know, I know, another play for my Representative Plays class, and not your typical O'Neill, but, gosh darn it! It's good. Especially for prisoners. They really empathized with the lead character and had images and understandings of him that I would never have come up with in my own female/on-the-outside perspective. A great example of expressionism and O'Neill's unique way of interspersing techniques and theater forms that is truly pluralistic and thus American. I know, I know, another play for my Representative Plays class, and not your typical O'Neill, but, gosh darn it! It's good. Especially for prisoners. They really empathized with the lead character and had images and understandings of him that I would never have come up with in my own female/on-the-outside perspective. A great example of expressionism and O'Neill's unique way of interspersing techniques and theater forms that is truly pluralistic and thus American. ...more
Paweł
Nov 01, 2011 rated it it was amazing
Hairy-Ape is a terrific drama narrating a story of a defiant Yank whose hubris and bellicose attitude constitute a thin end of the wedge and consequent demise. The story is simultaneously historic and universal since the protagonist stands in my opinion for every-man with one's existential dilemmas and foibles. The tragedy of a soul that struggles to be self-reliant and defiant to one and all and who cannot deal with life's surprises because of terrible misapprehensions speaks to me in many ways Hairy-Ape is a terrific drama narrating a story of a defiant Yank whose hubris and bellicose attitude constitute a thin end of the wedge and consequent demise. The story is simultaneously historic and universal since the protagonist stands in my opinion for every-man with one's existential dilemmas and foibles. The tragedy of a soul that struggles to be self-reliant and defiant to one and all and who cannot deal with life's surprises because of terrible misapprehensions speaks to me in many ways than one. The ending is terrific and indelible. The play is a classic as far as I'm concerned. ...more
Abeer Abdullah
SUPER WONDERFUL! hilarious, bitter. An expressionist play about the working class man and how dehumanised and demonised he is in a post industrial world. The hyperbolic nature of expressionist theatre couldn't be more of a perfect form to communicate this specific subject matter. SUPER WONDERFUL! hilarious, bitter. An expressionist play about the working class man and how dehumanised and demonised he is in a post industrial world. The hyperbolic nature of expressionist theatre couldn't be more of a perfect form to communicate this specific subject matter. ...more
Lynn
Jun 04, 2017 rated it liked it
I read this book for a theatre course I took in college and really enjoyed it.
Illiterate
An expressionist study of the damaging effects of industrialism. Much more interesting than O'Neill's earlier naturalist plays.
Samuel Felton
Alright, I am being tough on Eugene, sorry Shawn. In The Hairy Ape, it starts off so strong. But once he gets to land it just in my opinion doesn't satisfy what I wanted. The symbolism and Yanks monologues are fantastic, it is just that death of a salesman, who's afraid of Virginia wolf, and moon for misbegotten are so great in my eyes.

I give it a solid 3.5/5.

Ben Hallman
Eugene O'Neill's The Hairy Ape works on multiple levels, making strong statements on class welfare and warfare, wanton commercialism, and man's basic need to simply belong. There's plenty of food for thought; symbolism abounds, and O'Neill's modernistic stage directions add an extra dimension of subversive weirdness to the goings-on. But (and I do feel quite odd criticizing a freaking Nobel Prize-winner) I feel this play loses its value as dramatic entertainment amidst its messages and depth. Th Eugene O'Neill's The Hairy Ape works on multiple levels, making strong statements on class welfare and warfare, wanton commercialism, and man's basic need to simply belong. There's plenty of food for thought; symbolism abounds, and O'Neill's modernistic stage directions add an extra dimension of subversive weirdness to the goings-on. But (and I do feel quite odd criticizing a freaking Nobel Prize-winner) I feel this play loses its value as dramatic entertainment amidst its messages and depth. The subject matter great to think about, yet the actual story of the play seems, well, kinda silly.

O'Neill achieves quite a feat in turning the loud and bellicose Yank into a sympathetic figure. The guy's a jerk, and makes no excuses about being a jerk-- a majority of his lines come across as a series of vituperative threats towards the world at large-- yet he endears himself to the audience as he struggles to make sense of his diminutive life in the face of his growing perception of the world that surrounds him. Poor Yank wants to belong, but is continuously struck down by the societal forces that O'Neill presents as harsh and dehumanizing. I'm still on the fence about his death-- good symbolism, curious presentation, a simian deus ex machina?-- but Yank's character arc serves as a fascinating look at a somewhat solipsistic laborer being confronted with his own meaninglessness.

The dialog between Mildred Douglas and her Aunt is great; these two awful people are absolutely awful to each other, and their bitching and sniping plays well for a modern generation raised amongst the comedic miscreants of Seinfeld and It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia. Her character's abrupt exit from the story leaves me wanting, though. Don't get me wrong-- I'm glad the play doesn't fall into the trite melodrama the ratbastard movie version presents-- but after the strong impression she makes in her one full scene, her presence becomes a notable absence as we're introduced to the dull, static characters of the later acts.

These later characters are what give me the most trouble with the play. O'Neill departs from developing traits and personalities for those onstage, rather using them as simple tools to help present his point. The prisoners, the IWW members-- none are given any individuality or personality beyond that needed to move Yank along to his next disappointment. O'Neill gets too caught up in message, and the drama suffers for it, becoming dull and preachy in the final scenes before reaching its odd, ironic conclusion.

Finding a performance of

The Hairy Ape to watch is a bit of a difficulty-- most of what is available online seems to be amateur JuCo productions more concerned with their own presentation than showing O'Neill's true intentions. And that movie-- good god, it sucks, and shits all over the message O'Neill's work conveys. So I can't find a way to watch a stage production of The Hairy Ape, which means I'm left with only a half-perspective on what O'Neill intends. I'm willing to believe that the play gains a good bit from being watched and not read, and hopefully I'll be able to bump up the rating after a good viewing.
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Jeff
Jan 08, 2013 rated it liked it
It is easy to be dismissive of this play as just "early O'Neill" or as simple-minded socialist allegory, but I think that that is to miss the point. What O'Neill manages to achieve here, in an admittedly-ham-fisted way at times, is to inquire into the role of the more bestial side of man in an increasingly sterile and technological world and at what cost do we squelch that part of ourselves. It is easy to be dismissive of this play as just "early O'Neill" or as simple-minded socialist allegory, but I think that that is to miss the point. What O'Neill manages to achieve here, in an admittedly-ham-fisted way at times, is to inquire into the role of the more bestial side of man in an increasingly sterile and technological world and at what cost do we squelch that part of ourselves. ...more
Sandy
Oct 20, 2007 rated it it was amazing
"I'm an animal!!!!!"

A lowly engine worker falls for a rich debutant. And is then violently reminded of his place in the societal structure.

"I'm an animal!!!!!"

A lowly engine worker falls for a rich debutant. And is then violently reminded of his place in the societal structure.

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Steffi
I don't care that this is one of the most important plays in the history of the American drama. It is a terrible read. I don't care that this is one of the most important plays in the history of the American drama. It is a terrible read. ...more
Sookie
Expressionism at its best with O'Neil exposing polarization between classes. Expressionism at its best with O'Neil exposing polarization between classes. ...more
Megan
Feb 13, 2017 rated it it was ok
The dialogue makes this really unpleasant to read (low level torture, really), and for supposed realism, the characters are very cartoonish.
Matt Davis
I really didn't remember how heavy-handed this play is in promoting O'Neill's socialism, but I thoroughly enjoyed reading it again. I vaguely remembered the driving scene of the play in which Yank feels insulted by Mildred, and of course I remembered the end. However, the dialogue and many of the events throughout the play were fresh once again. Is Yank a monster? Could he have been anything else? I really didn't remember how heavy-handed this play is in promoting O'Neill's socialism, but I thoroughly enjoyed reading it again. I vaguely remembered the driving scene of the play in which Yank feels insulted by Mildred, and of course I remembered the end. However, the dialogue and many of the events throughout the play were fresh once again. Is Yank a monster? Could he have been anything else? ...more
phagocyte jr
Nov 14, 2017 rated it really liked it
Interesting take on class segregation, but the patois made the play almost unreadable for me, a native French speaker. I could hear the firemen's accent, but it was almost too much.

Also I really wonder how one suggests to stage the final act of the play. What a head-scratcher for generations of stage directors!!

Interesting take on class segregation, but the patois made the play almost unreadable for me, a native French speaker. I could hear the firemen's accent, but it was almost too much.

Also I really wonder how one suggests to stage the final act of the play. What a head-scratcher for generations of stage directors!!

...more
Emory Lambert
Oct 29, 2019 rated it really liked it
I absolutely adore Eugene O'Neill. The cynical message of this 1922 dramatic work rings true of its time--the working class, part of the machine that runs society, will eventually fall victim to that very machine. I absolutely adore Eugene O'Neill. The cynical message of this 1922 dramatic work rings true of its time--the working class, part of the machine that runs society, will eventually fall victim to that very machine. ...more
Dan
The protagonist of this expressionist play is a man named Yank, a member of the working class proletariat who wants to achieve self-fulfillment, which means getting the girl, living the American dream, becoming wealthy, comfortable and most of all socially successful among the dominant class. He has an informal position as a leader in the proletariat, but comes not to value his status because society doesn't value it. Yank only begins to realize his low station when a society girl comes to visit The protagonist of this expressionist play is a man named Yank, a member of the working class proletariat who wants to achieve self-fulfillment, which means getting the girl, living the American dream, becoming wealthy, comfortable and most of all socially successful among the dominant class. He has an informal position as a leader in the proletariat, but comes not to value his status because society doesn't value it. Yank only begins to realize his low station when a society girl comes to visit him, but only becomes horrified by him. The rest of the play is about the sad, ineffective and increasingly desperate measures Yank undertakes to change his station in life, never realizing he can't because he's too ignorant to ask the right questions or understand how to achieve the role he seeks.

What I appreciate the most about the play is the clear example it depicts of how hard it is to improve one's lot in life when one starts at such a disadvantage in terms of upbringing and societal expectations from birth. We have seen this since the 1960s more clearly in our society through hidden racism. O'Neill recognizes the same obstacles, but makes them about class mobility, stratification, and stagnation, which were of greater concern to liberals in the early twentieth century.

The play is called expressionist because the protagonist, Yank, is not really an individual, he is a type--an Everyman's Proletariat industrial toiler. The result are long soliloquies even Shakespeare would have feared to contemplate spread all throughout the play. It makes the lead part almost impossible to memorize and therefore play, I would think, for any but the most accomplished actor. It must have become very annoying for any person attending the play to sit through. On the other hand, there are great, artistic visuals described. In the right hands the director of this play cold paint great visuals of human degradation as noble labor and virginal innocence and liberal good intentions as uncomprehending as the other side.

I recommend reading the play for writers to know about how to stretch the bounds of what is possible in terms of employing expressionist modes in one's own writing, and how to effectively break rules to achieve strategic goals in creative expression. Casual readers and those wanting realistic drama and depth of characterization will be disappointed.

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Kanwarpal Singh
This story is about a hairy shipmen worker who bully fellow workers and always up for fight and always damage everyone self respect until one day when a women hurt his ego and he go rogue and decide to take revenge and take everything he got and start behaving like ape and meet with a bad end when he jump in front of prime ape and went for fight and got himself killed in the cage .
This story is absurd from the point of view of people, because of temperamental issues and ego problem he became vic
This story is about a hairy shipmen worker who bully fellow workers and always up for fight and always damage everyone self respect until one day when a women hurt his ego and he go rogue and decide to take revenge and take everything he got and start behaving like ape and meet with a bad end when he jump in front of prime ape and went for fight and got himself killed in the cage .
This story is absurd from the point of view of people, because of temperamental issues and ego problem he became victim of circumstances and that lead to his tragic end . This book shows how bad temperament and unnecessary taking up things on male ego and doing abnormal things that will harm you too, but you are in self destructive mode and met a tragic end
somewhat not easy to understand in one time so read it again to understand the message of the End
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TheGirlWhoReads
This was seriously good. I found Yank's manner of speech a bit off putting initially as it's a specific dialect but realised it was essential to his character. It was heartbreaking though, the way he wants to belong and is not accepted by either humans or animals or at least that's how he feels. Also discusses class division and its ramifications on individual's psyche and satirises upper class morality This was seriously good. I found Yank's manner of speech a bit off putting initially as it's a specific dialect but realised it was essential to his character. It was heartbreaking though, the way he wants to belong and is not accepted by either humans or animals or at least that's how he feels. Also discusses class division and its ramifications on individual's psyche and satirises upper class morality ...more
Lydia
Nov 07, 2007 rated it really liked it
Finally, an O'Neill play I can get on board with. The Hairy Ape is a commentary on class in America and brutally points out how divided we are as a nation. Unfortunately, a lot of what O'Neill was saying pre-Depression still holds true. His use of expressionism heightens the drama without hitting the audience over the head. Finally, an O'Neill play I can get on board with. The Hairy Ape is a commentary on class in America and brutally points out how divided we are as a nation. Unfortunately, a lot of what O'Neill was saying pre-Depression still holds true. His use of expressionism heightens the drama without hitting the audience over the head. ...more
Zoeraye
Mar 17, 2018 rated it did not like it
Not sure why I gave this play three stars...I'm changing it to one bc I really didn't like it. That probably makes me sound terrible but I just wasn't a fan. Hearing other students read the parts out loud drove me kinda crazy hahahaha
John
Jul 12, 2012 rated it it was amazing
One of my favorite plays of all time. I love the way O'Neill writes. One of my favorite plays of all time. I love the way O'Neill writes. ...more
David Valentino
Story as Old as Time

Universally themed dramas retain their force and impact years after they first appear as they reflect the core emotions and thinking of each generation that see and read them. These themes reach across time and nationalities because they tackle what seem to be intractable issues. Such is the case with Eugene O'Neill's nearly one hundred year old play The Hairy Ape. In modern terms, readers and audiences can focus in four important aspects of the play reflecting issues we stru

Story as Old as Time

Universally themed dramas retain their force and impact years after they first appear as they reflect the core emotions and thinking of each generation that see and read them. These themes reach across time and nationalities because they tackle what seem to be intractable issues. Such is the case with Eugene O'Neill's nearly one hundred year old play The Hairy Ape. In modern terms, readers and audiences can focus in four important aspects of the play reflecting issues we struggle with today: the one percent vs. everybody else (top deck vs. stokehold), the meaningfulness of work (the pride of Yank), the expression of masculinity (Yank's strength), and our place in the world (Yank's existential quandary).

The play opens in the stokehole of an ocean liner, where workmen feed the furnace while they banter crudely among themselves. In particular one, Yank, talks about this strength and the fact that he and his companions are what power the ship, the force, if you will, that moves the world. Yank is confident, strong, prideful, and superior to those around him.

Then from above deck Mildred, daughter of the Steel Trust tycoon, who has just told her aunt of her interest in social work, descends into the stokehold. Upon seeing the men and Yank, she calls them and him filthy beasts, Yank a hairy ape, and faints. Afterwards, Yank rages and seems to be battling with the incident as an existential experience.

Three weeks later, after returning to the New York port, Yank still struggles with his encounter with Mildred and his anger. On Fifth Avenue, he accosts churchgoers, punching one of them. He lands in jail for 30 days, there encountering prisoners who tell him about the Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies). Upon release, he seeks them out, but they reject him because of his violent proclamations, especially his wish to blow up the Steel Trust run by Mildred's father.

Next, he visits the zoo, where he encounters a caged ape, explains that they are seen as one and the same. He releases the ape. The ape attacks him and tosses him in the cage. Before dying, Yank utters these words: "He got me, aw right. I'm trou. Even him didn't tink I belonged."

Not only does The Hairy Ape demonstrate there's nothing much new in 21st angst, but stripped of its setting, reimagined in our own lives, it mirrors and explains the frustration felt by many today. It's a story that's been retold many times since and some might say acted out in the politics of our day.

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Nour Amani
Nov 01, 2021 rated it really liked it
The Hairy Ape is a masterpiece by Eugene O'Neill . In fact he applies Nietzsche 's philosophy to give birth to Greek tragedy. In addition, O'Neill is a well reputed playwright in the way he refers to Greek mythology. For instance Yank 's reliance on brutal force is similar to the Greek 's God Dionysus .Besides the the first scene which depicts the stokers singing and drinking is identical to the atmosphere made by the maenades who are Dionysus' worshippers according to Greek mythology.
It's of p
The Hairy Ape is a masterpiece by Eugene O'Neill . In fact he applies Nietzsche 's philosophy to give birth to Greek tragedy. In addition, O'Neill is a well reputed playwright in the way he refers to Greek mythology. For instance Yank 's reliance on brutal force is similar to the Greek 's God Dionysus .Besides the the first scene which depicts the stokers singing and drinking is identical to the atmosphere made by the maenades who are Dionysus' worshippers according to Greek mythology.
It's of paramount importance to mention that class struggle is one of the recurrent theme of the play . Hence , the stokers are condemned to work in hellish conditions in the lower boiling part of the ship whereas Mildred and her aunt are in a trip on its upper part . Furthermore, the play shows that the inability of Yank to use his mind to find belongingness as he was rejected several times leads to his fall . First, he was insulted by Mildred ,the daughter of the owner of transatlantic liner, who called him "a filthy beast ." Then ,he was rejected by the socialists on the Fifth Avenue and the labor organizers on the Waterfron. At the end ,Yank's inability to think leads to his death inside the Gorilla's cage . This proves that Yank doesn't belong somewhere else , he belongs to death .
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Foreign Grid
Jun 29, 2017 rated it really liked it
This review has been hidden because it contains spoilers. To view it, click here. I actually liked it better than We.
It's a short read, and incorporates thick accents when writing. It's about this lower class guy who is working in the iron smelting place and then in comes this lady from the upper class coming for a tour of the place and he scares her off. It seems he either was entranced by her or fell in love but either way, her look of horror when she saw him hurt him, so he went out to the land of the upper class and punched some rich guy in the face. He's then sent to a p
I actually liked it better than We.
It's a short read, and incorporates thick accents when writing. It's about this lower class guy who is working in the iron smelting place and then in comes this lady from the upper class coming for a tour of the place and he scares her off. It seems he either was entranced by her or fell in love but either way, her look of horror when she saw him hurt him, so he went out to the land of the upper class and punched some rich guy in the face. He's then sent to a prison, let go, and then he wanders into a zoo. He sees an ape and starts talking to him, saying "aren't we the same? Ugly and caged?" So then he lets the ape loose for some reason and the ape attacks him and throws him into the cell. While the ape is running free, the guy dies. The themes are more profound than that, but I read this two years ago so I can't quite remember. Anyways, I think I'd read it again.
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Israa
I had to read this for class. I thought this play was okay. I did not like it nor did I hate it. But I could say I preferred reading it than the other books I'm reading for class (which I am hating most of it).

There was not much going on in the plait. I was expecting a lot of action or something but I did not get that. This play mostly tackles the sense of identity and how our main character is struggling with that based on his looks.

What I really liked about this is the language and accent that

I had to read this for class. I thought this play was okay. I did not like it nor did I hate it. But I could say I preferred reading it than the other books I'm reading for class (which I am hating most of it).

There was not much going on in the plait. I was expecting a lot of action or something but I did not get that. This play mostly tackles the sense of identity and how our main character is struggling with that based on his looks.

What I really liked about this is the language and accent that the characters use. I thought it was unique because I never read books with that type of dialect.

The final scene in the play broke my heart for the main character, so if you cry easily, then prepare some tissues.

Overall, this play was okay and if you want a quick read, then I suggest picking it up.

...more
Dana
Mar 22, 2020 rated it liked it
READ FOR SCHOOL
I can't believe I had to read 3 Eugene O'Neills' books since the beginning of the summer term. I didn't mind Long Day's Journey Into the Night but this one was the same as Desire Under the Elms. Even though a little bit better.
I honestly think that the story was decent, Yank was very interesting character and didn't fall in love with the girl, as I expected (because that's what happens in drama) - so that was cool. I just...can't get over the language. It's so hard to understand
READ FOR SCHOOL
I can't believe I had to read 3 Eugene O'Neills' books since the beginning of the summer term. I didn't mind Long Day's Journey Into the Night but this one was the same as Desire Under the Elms. Even though a little bit better.
I honestly think that the story was decent, Yank was very interesting character and didn't fall in love with the girl, as I expected (because that's what happens in drama) - so that was cool. I just...can't get over the language. It's so hard to understand and I know it gives the book its authenticity but English is my second language and I just find it very hard to read. I had to listen to youtube radio reading of this so I could understand a bit better.
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Manik Ahuja
This is a very brief expressionist play talking about some significant existentialist themes. I really thought this play was brilliant, though I understand that this may not be everyone's cup of tea (because maybe you don't even like tea).

Basically, if you like literature that builds atmosphere and mood instead of a realistic setting, focuses on the character's inner reality rather than superficial external action and dialogue, and literature that makes you question your sense of belongingness a

This is a very brief expressionist play talking about some significant existentialist themes. I really thought this play was brilliant, though I understand that this may not be everyone's cup of tea (because maybe you don't even like tea).

Basically, if you like literature that builds atmosphere and mood instead of a realistic setting, focuses on the character's inner reality rather than superficial external action and dialogue, and literature that makes you question your sense of belongingness and identity, then you'll surely enjoy the play, just as I did.

I'm certainly looking forward to reading more from O'Neill & other works of a similar ilk.

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Cobagibu
I guess I am either naive to forget that a book written in the 20s wouldn't be racist or I am simply too unsophisticated to see past the clearly racial themes in this play. Was on a previous syllabus so I thought to read what I couldn't get to before. O'neill might be a "great playwright of his time", but life is too short with too many other items to read for me to waste time with this. (It took me 10 days to get through less than 100 pages...I keep putting it down and stating I could get past I guess I am either naive to forget that a book written in the 20s wouldn't be racist or I am simply too unsophisticated to see past the clearly racial themes in this play. Was on a previous syllabus so I thought to read what I couldn't get to before. O'neill might be a "great playwright of his time", but life is too short with too many other items to read for me to waste time with this. (It took me 10 days to get through less than 100 pages...I keep putting it down and stating I could get past this.) ...more
Eugene Gladstone O'Neill was an American playwright who won the 1936 Nobel Prize in Literature "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy." More than any other dramatist, O'Neill introduced American drama to the dramatic realism pioneered by Russian playwright Anton Chekhov, Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen, and Swedish playwr Eugene Gladstone O'Neill was an American playwright who won the 1936 Nobel Prize in Literature "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy." More than any other dramatist, O'Neill introduced American drama to the dramatic realism pioneered by Russian playwright Anton Chekhov, Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen, and Swedish playwright August Strindberg, and was the first to use true American vernacular in his speeches.

His plays involve characters who inhabit the fringes of society, engaging in depraved behavior, where they struggle to maintain their hopes and aspirations but ultimately slide into disillusionment and despair. O'Neill wrote only one comedy (Ah, Wilderness!): all his other plays involve some degree of tragedy and personal pessimism.

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